Description: This paper is from Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1955 Volume 7, Number 17. The author notes that recent advances in calculating equipment make possible producing graduations much more elaborate than any done previously. The paper confines itself to the problem of graduating a single column of rates, such as an ultimate column, using a Whittaker-Henderson B graduation of the fourth order. The author provides a detailed description of the process with significant mathematical theory.

Description: This paper described the 80-column punched card which had been adopted by the New York Life and the general procedure which was being followed in the preparation of such mortality card on new issues of policies. From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1949, Vol. 1, No. 1.